東北地理所在飼用抗生素降低“秸稈養(yǎng)牛-糞便基質(zhì)發(fā)酵-草生菌栽培”循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中氮轉(zhuǎn)化的作用機理研究方面取得進展
氮參與蛋白質(zhì)、核酸等生命必需生物大分子的合成，是生物體中至關重要的成分。生物圈中的氮循環(huán)是氮的生物地球化學循環(huán)的重要組成部分之一。隨著農(nóng)業(yè)和畜牧業(yè)的發(fā)展，大量畜禽糞便和農(nóng)作物秸稈被閑置、浪費，并被稱為“農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物”。種養(yǎng)循環(huán)技術模式是促進營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)循環(huán)利用、提高農(nóng)牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率的重要農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式。然而，到目前為止，種養(yǎng)循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中關于氮循環(huán)效率及其調(diào)控的研究還非常薄弱。為此，中國科學院東北地理與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)研究所草地農(nóng)牧業(yè)學科組的科研人員基于“玉米秸稈養(yǎng)牛-糞便基質(zhì)化-草生菌栽培”循環(huán)系統(tǒng)，研究了莫能菌素及秸稈種類對氮回收率的影響(氮回收率定義為蘑菇子實體中總氮與初始原料中總氮的比值)，旨在明確該循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中氮的回收率，并揭示莫能菌素影響循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中氮轉(zhuǎn)化的微生物學機制。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：在4種發(fā)酵基質(zhì)(無抗牛糞+玉米秸稈、無抗牛糞+小麥秸稈、有抗牛糞+玉米秸稈、有抗牛糞+小麥秸稈)上栽培雙孢蘑菇，可以蘑菇氮的形式回收秸稈和糞便中總氮的3.33-5.88%。由于殘留的莫能菌素抑制了基質(zhì)中氨化與反硝化菌的活性，從而降低了基質(zhì)發(fā)酵過程中的氮損失，提高了氮轉(zhuǎn)化效率(表1)。然而，由于發(fā)酵和栽培過程中，基質(zhì)中與氮轉(zhuǎn)化相關的酶活性(表2)以及微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)和演替變化(圖1)引起的氮損失變化，莫能菌素最終降低了整個循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中氮回收率的0.13%-1.57%。本研究結(jié)果為構(gòu)建高效的種養(yǎng)一體化循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)技術模式提供了數(shù)據(jù)支撐。
表1. 基質(zhì)發(fā)酵、蘑菇栽培及采收過程中的氮回收率
|
Stages |
Items |
Treatment1 |
SEM |
Pvalue | |||||
|
No-antibiotic |
Antibiotic | ||||||||
|
NC |
NW |
AC |
AW |
Straw |
Antibiotic |
Straw×Antibiotic | |||
|
Start of fermentation |
Starting substrate (kg) |
15.12 |
15.22 |
15.18 |
15.21 |
0.042 |
0.129 |
0.650 |
0.378 |
|
N concentration in starting substrate (g/kg) |
16.45c |
18.96a |
16.21d |
18.73b |
0.035 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
0.981 | |
|
Total N in starting substrate (g) |
248.7c |
288.7a |
246.1d |
284.8b |
0.855 |
<0.001 |
0.001 |
0.462 | |
|
End of fermentation |
Fermented substrate (kg) |
11.20b |
10.65c |
11.41c |
10.38d |
0.035 |
<0.001 |
0.342 |
<0.001 |
|
N concentration in fermented substrate (g/kg) |
21.08b |
21.54b |
21.01b |
22.87a |
0.299 |
<0.001 |
0.047 |
0.029 | |
|
Total N in fermented substrate (g) |
236.1 |
229.4 |
239.6 |
237.3 |
3.316 |
0.189 |
0.098 |
0.516 | |
|
N retention rate during fermentation2(%) |
94.93a |
79.45c |
97.37a |
83.33b |
1.194 |
<0.001 |
0.016 |
0.555 | |
|
End of cultivation |
Cultivated substrate (kg) |
6.96b |
7.14a |
6.81c |
7.09a |
0.038 |
<0.001 |
0.020 |
0.190 |
|
N concentration of cultivated substrate (g/kg) |
14.54c |
17.43a |
16.21b |
17.27a |
0.192 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 | |
|
Total N in cultivated substrate (g) |
101.1c |
124.3a |
110.4b |
121.2a |
1.350 |
<0.001 |
0.012 |
<0.001 | |
|
N retention rate during cultivation3(%) |
40.64c |
43.07b |
44.87a |
42.98b |
0.460 |
0.564 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 | |
|
Harvested mushroom |
Fruit body yield (kg DM) |
0.080a |
0.067b |
0.047c |
0.052c |
0.002 |
0.129 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
N concentration in fruit body (mg/kg) |
18.27 |
18.52 |
18.24 |
18.17 |
0.301 |
0.755 |
03542 |
0.600 | |
|
Total N in fruit body (g) |
1.463a |
1.247b |
0.852c |
0.948c |
0.049 |
0.231 |
<0.001 |
0.004 | |
|
N recycled rate4(%) |
5.88a |
4.31b |
3.46c |
3.33c |
0.189 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
0.001 | |
NC= no-antibiotic manure and corn straw, NW: no-antibiotic manure and wheat straw, AC= antibiotic manure and corn straw, AW= antibiotic manure and wheat straw, N retention rate= Total N in fermented substrate/Total N in starting substrate, N retention rate= Total N in cultivated substrate/Total N in fermented substrate, N recycled rate= Total N in fruit body of mushroom/ Total N in starting substrate.
表2. 基質(zhì)發(fā)酵和蘑菇栽培過程中的關鍵酶活性
|
Index |
Stage |
Treatment1 |
SEM |
Pvalue | |||||
|
No-antibiotic |
Antibiotic | ||||||||
|
NC |
NW |
AC |
AW |
Straw |
Antibiotic |
Straw × Antibiotic | |||
|
Urease (U/g) |
End of feeding |
5770.3b |
5775.5b |
8556.4a |
8125.7a |
277.74 |
0.453 |
<0.001 |
0.442 |
|
End of fermentation |
3014.6b |
3911.0a |
2345.1c |
2173.2d |
24.30 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 | |
|
End of cultivation |
43.38b |
218.80a |
45.10b |
32.01c |
0.704 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 | |
|
Nitrate reductase (U/g) |
End of feeding |
7.43b |
7.25b |
13.61a |
13.63a |
0.147 |
0.611 |
<0.001 |
0.529 |
|
End of fermentation |
1.04b |
1.18a |
0.74c |
0.90d |
0.012 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
0.631 | |
|
End of cultivation |
38.75bc |
49.2b |
30.24c |
152.4a |
4.104 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 | |
|
Nitrite reductase (U/g) |
End of feeding |
15.77b |
15.79b |
15.94a |
15.95a |
0.078 |
0.731 |
0.002 |
0.890 |
|
End of fermentation |
14.20a |
10.49d |
11.22c |
13.02b |
0.018 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 | |
|
End of cultivation |
11.22a |
9.49b |
8.58c |
8.48d |
0.028 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 | |
圖1. 基質(zhì)發(fā)酵第0天(a)、14天(b)、35天(c)基于 16S rDNA 測序的門水平相對豐度;堆肥第0天(d)、14天(e)、35 天(f)基于 ITS 測序的門水平相對豐度。
研究成果于近期發(fā)表在國際期刊Waste Management上，由王菲研究實習員(第一作者)和鐘榮珍研究員(通訊作者)共同完成。該研究得到了中國科學院戰(zhàn)略性先導科技專項(XDA28020400 ; XDA28080400 ; XDA23070503 );吉林省與中國科學院科技合作高技術產(chǎn)業(yè)化專項資金項目(2021SYHZ0033);吉林省科技發(fā)展計劃項目(20200602016ZP )和中國科學院青年創(chuàng)新促進會優(yōu)秀會員人才專項( Y201949 )的聯(lián)合資助。
文章信息：Wang F., Fang Y., Wang L. X., Xiang H., Chen G. S., Chang X., Liu D., He X. M., Zhong R. Z.*2022. Effects of residual monensin in livestock manure on nitrogen transformation and microbial community during “crop straw feeding-substrate fermentation-mushroom cultivation” recycling system. Waste Management. 149. 333-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.06.015.
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